<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<itemContainer xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/items/browse?tags=Qasr+al-Hayr+al-Gharbi&amp;output=omeka-xml" accessDate="2026-10-14T10:44:21+00:00">
  <miscellaneousContainer>
    <pagination>
      <pageNumber>1</pageNumber>
      <perPage>10</perPage>
      <totalResults>2</totalResults>
    </pagination>
  </miscellaneousContainer>
  <item itemId="339" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="4435">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/0b3105535130090c70422a2b6a763833.jpg</src>
        <authentication>c81123070ef3eed0a799284373a0317c</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4436">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/f5f7efef0e68539bacd7c29345b8fd64.jpg</src>
        <authentication>7d6dd640df45cb54a53943723b33ce73</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4437">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/12cd25df9d5f1547cfd111089d452477.jpg</src>
        <authentication>c2388d8013596db78eb14986477ea393</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4438">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/ab6893aa4cfa77bef7d7b9c7d25259d3.jpg</src>
        <authentication>cf11c974d8792a2cac34e73087be1142</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4439">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/5f4a3ecbd41b51c40e3c88e4ad6d75d9.jpg</src>
        <authentication>45c12a22d6dd4ee53bf87ed8f89325ce</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="24">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1475">
                  <text>Homs and its hinterland</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1476">
                  <text>Homs is the modern name for the ancient Syrian city of Emesa. In the late second century CE a local woman named Julia Domna married Septimus Severus, the future Roman Emperor, and so in the third century several Severan Emperors were born and raised in the city. They were followers of the local cult to the god Elagabal and the most scandalous Emperor of this line was popularly known as Elagabalus.&#13;
To the east of the city, south of the road to Palmyra (Tadmor) are a cluster of Christian villages and towns that terminate with Qaryatayn as the most south-easterly settlement in the group to have a Christian presence. The percentages involved in the mix of religions varies from Qaryatayn (about 20% Christian) up until villages like Sadad (almost 100% Christian).</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1477">
                  <text>Emma Loosley</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1479">
                  <text>Emma Loosley</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1480">
                  <text>Metadata and all media released under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA International licence unless otherwise indicated</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="51">
              <name>Type</name>
              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1481">
                  <text>Architecture</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2716">
                <text>Hawwarin</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2717">
                <text>Hawwarin was known as Evaria in late antiquity and is recorded as being the seat of two bishoprics. It appears to date from the Roman era as there is extensive evidence of Roman spolia in the Byzantine remains in the town. The local population talk of there having been seven basilicas in the settlement and evidence of three of these is still extant, although only one has been excavated thus far - by a Syrian team led by Wedad Khoury of the DGAM. The Roman dressed limestone blocks were carried to the site from some distance away as there are no quarries in the vicinity of the town and the modern dwellings are mud brick or cement. At the centre of the settlement is the mysterious "burj" or tower, which local people believe to have been part of an Umayyad hunting lodge, but which is built with Roman spoil and may well date from the Byzantine period as its nearest equivalent structure is the C6th stone tower at Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi. However, unlike the Qasr and neighbouring Khans/Caravanserai this tower has entrances to both the north and south rather than the single entrance that is the norm for such structures.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2718">
                <text>Emma Loosley</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2719">
                <text>2002-07-14</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2720">
                <text>Daniel Hull</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2721">
                <text>Metadata and all media released under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA International licence unless otherwise indicated</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2722">
                <text>Architecture</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3371">
                <text>The photographs of the 2001-2003 survey and excavation seasons have been lodged with the Archaeological Data Service and are reproduced here with their permission. For those who would like more specialised information such as context and intervention numbers or direction of shot please refer to: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/dmeap_ahrb_2004/gallery.cfm.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="402">
        <name>Archaeological Excavation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="80">
        <name>Architecture</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="372">
        <name>Basilica</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="55">
        <name>Byzantine</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="510">
        <name>Castle</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="16">
        <name>Church</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="523">
        <name>Evaria</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="522">
        <name>Hawwarin</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="424">
        <name>Limestone</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="509">
        <name>Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="4">
        <name>Roman</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="124">
        <name>Syria</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="297">
        <name>Tower</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="511">
        <name>Umayyad</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="334" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="4383">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/d3f8ac0f93c25f2efb85a0dd101e537f.jpg</src>
        <authentication>81cdee2e67bb06d5bc5fa2b13a207e80</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4384">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/6452df198a9490817fff77c385937aa6.jpg</src>
        <authentication>54566d7985158ae8c9aa74826999356f</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4385">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/98918d0121b61ca829ab96d516761920.jpg</src>
        <authentication>9d715ccab7c912a033ea4490bce357a2</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4386">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/176672f4c7e41d36a490e772c8cb3cd8.jpg</src>
        <authentication>42de2f18d457ce4e78a05e5b71e32a5f</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4387">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/0acb14b49653709ca83d59c4413d7998.jpg</src>
        <authentication>112668e8b1b92c977248fc434618dba7</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4388">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/185e288e4e3d81402e02b3c7cdaa6234.jpg</src>
        <authentication>bb3d57e0665a4b01c4ef79e2bc71e929</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4389">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/fd4ac5258019c557ef189405b4e3f0bf.jpg</src>
        <authentication>3f490c95c9631c6bed9d6a82a7045353</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4390">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/4d4a2a481e9242bfa595cb6d43ce3e62.jpg</src>
        <authentication>d90e09346f4af04594d20e8a15b67dc8</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4391">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/1422b757291635343f71cd62a2cdb117.jpg</src>
        <authentication>c28d6632813929e8ba35625e196befc4</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4392">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/8936b57f59220afea36bd4de7c9a9bd0.jpg</src>
        <authentication>5537d080773b52ea20647bec94240b5c</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4393">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/e856cfb4f1a28e1cafe7ce1fa2caf354.jpg</src>
        <authentication>00b8e7d9d6d5ed9a37890200594280bf</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4394">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/1f1e565a489541113c7f8f6174ff9e34.jpg</src>
        <authentication>f14a4c7d0f486a61e97a646110d28a6c</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4395">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/dc61952bb7aa356d9bd0276f9904639a.jpg</src>
        <authentication>13f1ad8eeab50af789936a2de52691c7</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4396">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/6b8fb4d16d3d8825a0cedb3be6594975.jpg</src>
        <authentication>a9ad5e2e78c772177691982141929d0a</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4397">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/7cec6ff8a052aff6aa1b4fac8f6650bd.jpg</src>
        <authentication>0a69d88dc55dd23cf2d4dba39f22cd9c</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4398">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/0325995231edd4e1ce9d373464d2aba0.jpg</src>
        <authentication>0a4975b3de1c1cbda0d23c5d36bc028a</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4399">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/e829dc4178a72ce7112eb668e3308b65.jpg</src>
        <authentication>8aa2874e71a1859f49b89b275b59089f</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4400">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/6e0d37c92b568f3b5e98449a5503c889.jpg</src>
        <authentication>73efd8d558903f0ebb22badd8b285949</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4401">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/7a779f1416747aee4689c087f0671770.jpg</src>
        <authentication>0541dab1ec847f6f5bc2b0d5cb7703c5</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4402">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/2daee06cffa822a3e246128b845cf28b.jpg</src>
        <authentication>7e67ae51491cd5367e2908c87b1c5aa6</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4403">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/c64465171743463b504eea83e78ab9a7.jpg</src>
        <authentication>f476cc466dee2f73a0a91bac8cdd5c03</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4404">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/960e9c920b7fe75d4586633629b4534a.jpg</src>
        <authentication>77025779db925ef79c3d635e70034e31</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4405">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/3b26a82f12784aab8f0419358e8b8fdc.jpg</src>
        <authentication>47ef806a29eee92fc8bea63f785a14de</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4406">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/899c591474ace8a5d3cd2f416c4bc6b9.jpg</src>
        <authentication>f87e06766bcf1d479559440c226ab3ce</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4407">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/19132ad96068cc1605f339fc22b9064c.jpg</src>
        <authentication>2bed15bbfa85dfc08d5d3b800d68b8a9</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4408">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/49fb860a9782729000095622dee2a0b9.jpg</src>
        <authentication>8de01be1ecfa1a95a47e1cef5dafd834</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4409">
        <src>https://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk/files/original/1fafdfaefd7ee1c692972235fad97f0c.jpg</src>
        <authentication>dc03ea9f8fa2572da31ea679dc177706</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="24">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1475">
                  <text>Homs and its hinterland</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1476">
                  <text>Homs is the modern name for the ancient Syrian city of Emesa. In the late second century CE a local woman named Julia Domna married Septimus Severus, the future Roman Emperor, and so in the third century several Severan Emperors were born and raised in the city. They were followers of the local cult to the god Elagabal and the most scandalous Emperor of this line was popularly known as Elagabalus.&#13;
To the east of the city, south of the road to Palmyra (Tadmor) are a cluster of Christian villages and towns that terminate with Qaryatayn as the most south-easterly settlement in the group to have a Christian presence. The percentages involved in the mix of religions varies from Qaryatayn (about 20% Christian) up until villages like Sadad (almost 100% Christian).</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1477">
                  <text>Emma Loosley</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1479">
                  <text>Emma Loosley</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1480">
                  <text>Metadata and all media released under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA International licence unless otherwise indicated</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="51">
              <name>Type</name>
              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1481">
                  <text>Architecture</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2681">
                <text>Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2682">
                <text>Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is the western of the two famous Umayyad palaces built to the east and west of Palmyra. This palace was built on the site of an earlier building and the stone tower still extant from that earlier phase has an inscription suggesting that it may have been part of a C6th monastery complex. The Qasr ("little castle") was built of mud brick, field stone and bricks and the whole was covered with a layer of stucco. The façade was covered with stucco decoration that was excavated from the site in the early C20th and reconstructed in Damascus as the façade of the National Museum. The frescoes and a number of stucco figurative three dimensional sculptures taken from the site are now on display in the National Museum.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2683">
                <text>Emma Loosley</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2684">
                <text>2001-07-22</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="3244">
                <text>2002-07-13</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2685">
                <text>Daniel Hull</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2686">
                <text>Metadata and all media released under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA International licence unless otherwise indicated</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2687">
                <text>Architecture</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3366">
                <text>The photographs of the 2001-2003 survey and excavation seasons have been lodged with the Archaeological Data Service and are reproduced here with their permission. For those who would like more specialised information such as context and intervention numbers or direction of shot please refer to: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/dmeap_ahrb_2004/gallery.cfm.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="55">
        <name>Byzantine</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="510">
        <name>Castle</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="27">
        <name>Fresco</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="506">
        <name>Khan</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="2">
        <name>Monastery</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="39">
        <name>Palmyra</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="509">
        <name>Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3">
        <name>Sculpture</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="512">
        <name>Stucco</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="124">
        <name>Syria</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="511">
        <name>Umayyad</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
