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                  <text>The ancient city of Jerusalem is located at the heart of the Holy Land and lies in the Judean Hills with the Dead Sea to the East and the Mediterranean to the West in modern-day Israel. It has spiritual significance to followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to tradition, Jerusalem is where Solomon built his great temple, it is the place of Christ’s Passion and where the Prophet Muhammad visited on his Night Journey. Its history has long been (and unfortunately still is) a very turbulent one and its holy sites have long been fiercely fought over. &#13;
In terms of Jerusalem in the New Testament narratives, during the final week of His life Christ made His triumphal entry into the city upon an ass. Christ gathered together His Disciples for a Passover meal on Mount Zion at what is referred to as the Last Supper. The Garden of Gethsemane was the place Christ prayed whilst over-looking the holy city and where he was later arrested. He was tried before Pontius Pilate, Crucified on Golgotha and His body was entombed nearby. Following the Resurrection, He Ascended into Heaven from the Mount of Olives. &#13;
Pilgrims began to venerate these sites in the years immediately following His death. However, it was only by the fourth century and with the legalisation of the religion under the Emperor Constantine I that these holy sites were rediscovered. Constantine endowed churches built at the sites of the Crucifixion and Resurrection (the church of the Holy Sepulchre) and the site of the Ascension (the Eleona on the Mount of Olives). Vast numbers of pilgrims soon began to visit the city of Jerusalem to see, touch and venerate these holy sites. Whilst a great deal of the ancient city’s fabric is still extant, very little of its Late Antique history is visible to pilgrims and tourists today. Much of it lies beneath the modern city, which has sadly been built upon in recent years.</text>
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                <text>The Cardo Maximus (Jerusalem's main thoroughfare)</text>
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                <text>The Cardo Maximus was the main thoroughfare of the Emperor Hadiran’s 2nd Century CE Aelia Capitolina. It was a wide, stone-paved and colonnaded road that led through the heart of the city from the north at the Damascus Gate to the south with an unknown end point. &#13;
&#13;
The southern end of the road was excavated in the 1970s during the reconstruction of the city’s Jewish Quarter. Excavators uncovered a section of the road, now located below ground level and accessible for visitors to walk upon today. This section of road was dated to the Emperor Justinian’s rebuilding programme of the 6th Century CE to link the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to the newly constructed Nea Church. It should therefore be viewed as a later addition to the original Roman road as no evidence of an earlier pavement was excavated below. &#13;
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                  <text>These images were taken by John Ingham on a visit to Syria in 1962 and offered to the archive to enable a comparison of how the sites may have deteriorated over the 50 years since they were taken. This record is especially valuable as several of the buildings in this collection have now been destroyed by the so-called Islamic State.</text>
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                <text>The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus is the earliest Islamic monument still extant after the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. As with the Dome of the Rock, the Mosque boasts a large volume of mosaic decoration of the highest quality that is believed to have been carried out by Byzantine artisans given the similarities of the technique and motifs with high-quality Byzantine commissions of the same era. The most notable difference is that there is a complete absence of figural imagery in the Islamic monuments. In the case of the Umayyad Mosque the decoration is particularly intriguing as it depicts a range of landscapes both urban and pastoral, all entirely without living creatures. This has led many commentators to argue that it represents a vision of paradise, with others arguing instead for an idealised representation of Damascus. Whether or not these interpretations are correct, the mosaicists appear familiar with Roman architecture, with porticoed late Roman villas appearing prominently in the decoration, meaning that the mosaics demonstrate a continuity with earlier artistic forms rather than a definitive break with the past. In many ways the decorative scheme is far more conservative than that of the Dome of the Rock, which predates is by over twenty years.</text>
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                  <text>This collection of photographs features views of the ancient city of Jerusalem from various viewpoints from within and outside the city. These photographs were taken from July to August 2013, October to November 2014 and July 2015.</text>
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                <text>Inside the old city of Jerusalem</text>
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      </tag>
      <tag tagId="132">
        <name>Jerusalem</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="262">
        <name>Pilgrimage</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="449">
        <name>Resurrection</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="439">
        <name>St. Helena</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="91">
        <name>Tomb</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
